Malware
Investigating the PlugX Trojan Disguised as a Legitimate Windows Debugger Tool
Trend Micro’s Managed Extended Detection and Response (MxDR) team discovered that a file called x32dbg.exe was used to sideload a malicious DLL we identified as a variant of PlugX.
Introduction
Trend Micro’s Managed Extended Detection and Response (MxDR) team discovered that a file called x32dbg.exe was used (via the DLL Search Order Hijacking or T1574.001 technique) to sideload a malicious DLL we identified as a variant of PlugX (Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ.enc). This file is a legitimate open-source debugger tool for Windows that is generally used to examine kernel-mode and user-mode code, crash dumps, or CPU registers. Meanwhile, PlugX is a well-known remote access trojan (RAT) that is used to gain remote access to and control over compromised machines. It allows an attacker to obtain unauthorised access to a system, steal sensitive data, and use the compromised machine for malicious purposes. The MxDR team employed a number of advanced security technologies and solutions to gain a comprehensive understanding of the attack, which will be revealed in this report.
Investigating and analysing the threat with MxDR
Being a legitimate application, x32dbg.exe’s valid digital signature can confuse some security tools, enabling threat actors to fly under the radar, maintain persistence, escalate privileges, and bypass file execution restrictions.
The team's attention was first drawn to the command line execution of D:\RECYCLER.BIN\files\x32dbg.exe which was flagged by a VisionOne Workbench alert. Further investigation revealed that this path led to a hidden folder on the USB storage device, which was found to contain a number of threat components.
We uncovered a clear sequence of events that began with a suspicious command line execution launched via cmd.exe. The command line executed the file (aec5cf913773459da0fd30bb282fb0144b85717aa6coe660e81a0bad24a2f23e15 ) located at D:\RECYCLER.BIN\files\x32dbg.exe. The file was signed by ”OpenSource Developer, Duncan Ogilvie” issued by Certum Code Signing. A visual representation of these events is displayed in Figure 3.
| Command Line: "C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe" /q /c "\ \RECYCLER.BIN\files\x32dbg.exe" File Path: "D:\ \ \RECYCLER.BIN\files\x32dbg.exe" SHA256: aec5cf913773459da0fd30bb282fb0144b85717aa6coe660e81a0bad24a2f23e15 Signer: Open-Source Developer, Duncan Ogilvie |
After executing D:\RECYCLER.BIN\files\x32dbg.exe, all of the threat components are copied to the directory C:\ProgramData\UsersDate\Windows_NT\Windows\User\Desktop.
Subsequently, the file C:\ProgramData\UsersDate\Windows_NT\Windows\User\Desktop\x32dbg.exe, a duplicate of the original file, was invoked. The following command line was used to invoke the dropped file:
Command Line: "C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe" /q /c" |
C:\Users\Public\Public Mediae\Mediae.exe followed the same procedure, creating a new directory at C:\Users<username>\Users\ and copying the identical files as shown in Figure 7.
As a result, a full set of the same files were present in three different directories. This indicated a clear attempt to establish persistence and evade detection by placing copies of the malicious files in multiple locations in the compromised system, specifically:
- C:\ProgramData\UsersDate\Windows_NT\Windows\User\Desktop
- C:\Users\Public\Public Mediae\
- C:\Users\<username>\Users\
Analysing persistence: how the attacker maintained access
To ensure continued access to the compromised systems, attacker used techniques involving the installation of persistence in the registry, the creation of scheduled tasks to maintain access (even in case of system restarts), the implementation of changes in credentials, and other potential disruptions that could result in lost access.
We noticed the creation of a scheduled task via the schtasks command line utility to run a task at a specific time. In this case, the scheduled task is set to execute the x32dbg.exe file, the open source debugger tool that side loads PlugX, every five minutes. The task is disguised under the name "LKUFORYOU_1" to make it more difficult to detect.
Commandline: schtasks /create /sc minute /mo 5 /tn LKUFORYOU_1 /tr |
A brief summary of the parameters used:
- /create: This option instructs the utility to create a new scheduled task.
- /sc minute: This option specifies the frequency at which the task will be executed, which in this case is every five minutes.
- /mo 5: This option sets the duration of the frequency for the scheduled task.
- /tn LKUFORYOU_1: This option sets the name of the task as "LKUFORYOU_1".
- /tr C:\ProgramData\UsersDate\Windows_NT\Windows\User\Desktop\x32dbg.exe: This option specifies the path of the executable that will be executed when the task is triggered.
- /f: This option forces the task to be created without requiring user confirmation.
Further evidence supporting the persistence created by the scheduled task was discovered in the event logs via Event ID 100, which clearly showed the successful execution of the file (depicted in Figure 10).
Figure 11 depicts where run registry keys were installed for persistence, and the data associated with them. These registry keys and values enable the threat to maintain persistence by automatically executing the x32dbg.exe file every time the user logs in.
| Registry Key: HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run Registry Value Name: x32dbg Registry Value Data: C:\ProgramData\UsersDate\Windows_NT\Windows\User\Desktop\x32dbg.exe |
Hiding in plain sight: DLL sideloading with x32dbg.exe
We observed x32dbge.exe being used to sideload the PlugX file x32bridge.dll (0490ceace858ff7949b90ab4acf4867878815d2557089c179c9971b2dd0918b9, detected as Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ). Sideloading can take advantage of the loader's DLL search order by placing the malicious payload(s) and victim programme side by side. This process is likely used by malicious actors as a cover for operations carried out within a trusted, legitimate, and maybe elevated system or software process.
We observed that the file akm.dat (0e9071714a4af0be1f96cffc3b0e58520b827d9e58297cb0e02d97551eca3799, detected as Trojan.Win32.KROPLUG.AJ) was also registered and executed via rundll32, a Windows component which attackers can abuse to facilitate the execution of malicious code. By using rundll32.exe to execute the file, the attackers can prevent security tools from monitoring this activity.
rundll32 SHELL32.DLL, ShellExec_RunDLL rundll32 |
Unveiling the tactics used: An in-depth analysis of the threat
Through reverse engineering, we were able to gain a deep understanding of how the threat operates. By analysing the tactics and techniques used by the attacker, we can identify and prevent similar attacks in the future.
Our analysis of this attack in VisionOne revealed that the threat heavily relied on DLL sideloading, which is a typical behaviour of PlugX. However, this variant was unique in that it employed several components to perform various functions, including persistence, propagation, and backdoor communication. As a result, we were able to identify and isolate the different files used by the attacker in their routine.
Persistence and propagation: x32dbg.exe (with the components x32bridge.dll and x32bridge.dat)
The file x32dbg.exe is a legitimate executable of a debugging software which, when executed, imports x32bridge.dll and calls on the functions BridgeStart and BridgeInit. The attackers took advantage of this and replaced the DLL with their own, containing the same export functions but executing entirely different codes:
- BridgeStart – dummy code that does nothing
- BridgeInit – Loads x32bridge.dat, decrypts its contents, then proceeds with the execution of the decrypted code.
The hardcoded key “HELLO_USA_PRISIDENT” is used to decode x32bridge.dat, after which execution will continue on the decrypted code.
It will then check for an event named LKU_Test_0.1 (or creates it if not found). This is followed by the execution of akm.dat found in the same folder.
Next, it creates the scheduled task LKUFORYOU_1 to run x32dbg.exe persistently like what was observed in our VisionOne investigation.
It then enumerates all drives and takes note of removable drives for its propagation routine. When found, it will delete files from any existing RECYCLER.BIN folder before creating a new one. It will copy its components that have the file extensions.exe,.dll, and.dat to the newly created folder and add a desktop.ini file.
Next, it will proceed to its installation routine, where it copies all its components to several folders as listed on the VisionOne analysis.
Once installed, it will run the file Mediae.exe (same file as x32dbg.exe), which will remain in memory, looping through the aforementioned routines.
Mediae.exe also creates the event LKU_Test_0.2, possibly to signal a successful installation.
As also seen in the VisionOne analysis, the malware cheques if it already has an AutoStart registry key (x32dbg), and creates one if there isn’t. Note that the execution path may vary depending on where x32dbg.exe / Mediae.exe was executed.
Next stage loader: akm.dat
The file akm.dat is a DLL with a straightforward function — to execute the next phase of the DLL sideloading routine. Its export function Start will execute the file AUG.exe (also included in the previous installation from x32dbg.exe).
The backdoor UDP Shell: AUG.exe (with the components DismCore.dll and Groza_1.dat)
AUG.exe is a copy of DISM.EXE, a legitimate Microsoft file which is also vulnerable to DLL sideloading. It imports the function DllGetClassObject from DismCore.dll, which will decrypt the contents of Groza_1.dat using the hardcoded key “Hapenexx is very bad”.
The execution will continue on the decrypted code, which is a UDP Shell client that does the following:
- Collects host information such as the hostname, IP Address and Mac address and sends it to its command-and-control (C&C) server 160[.]20[.]147[.]254
- Creates a thread to continuously wait for C&C commands
- Decrypts C&C communication using the hardcoded key “Happiness is a way station between too much and too little.”
- Hardcoded Debug Info found in file: C:\Users\guss\Desktop\Recent Work\UDP SHELL\0.7 DLL\UDPDLL\Release\UDPDLL.pdb
Conclusion and Recommendations
The discovery and analysis of the malware attack using the open-source debugger tool x32dbg.exe shows us that DLL side loading is still used by threat actors today because it is an effective way to circumvent security measures and gain control of a target system. Despite advances in security technology, attackers continue to use this technique since it exploits a fundamental trust in legitimate applications. This technique will remain viable for attackers to deliver malware and gain access to sensitive information as long as systems and applications continue to trust and load dynamic libraries.
This incident highlights the importance of having a strong and robust cybersecurity system in place, as threat actors continue to find new ways to exploit vulnerabilities and launch sophisticated attacks. Trend Micro Managed Extended Detection and Response (MxDR) helps in the prevention of DLL sideloading attacks by taking a comprehensive approach to detecting, investigating, and responding to security incidents.
Trend XDR integrates a variety of security technologies, such as endpoint protection, network security, and cloud security, to provide a comprehensive picture of an organisation's security posture. This enables MxDR to detect and prevent DLL sideloading attacks by detecting and blocking malicious activity at various stages of the attack lifecycle before it can cause harm. Furthermore, XDR can perform in-depth analysis and investigation of security incidents, allowing organisations to understand the impact and scope of an attack and respond appropriately.
Here are some recommendations that IT administrators can put into place to prevent DLL side loading attacks:
- Implement whitelisting: Allow only known and trusted applications to run on the system while blocking any suspicious or unknown ones.
- Use signed code: Ensure that all DLLs are signed with a trusted digital signature to ensure their authenticity and integrity.
- Monitor and control application execution: Monitor and control the execution of applications and their dependencies, including DLLs, to detect and prevent malicious activities.
- Educate end users: Inform users about the dangers of DLL sideloading attacks and encourage them to exercise caution when installing or running unfamiliar software.
- Endpoint protection: Use endpoint protection solutions that offer behavioural analysis and predictive machine learning for better security capabilities
- Implement effective incident response plans: Establish a clear and well-defined incident response plan to detect, contain, and respond to security incidents as quickly as possible.
Indicators of Compromise
| File name | SHA256 | Detection name |
|---|---|---|
| x32dbg.exe | aec5cf913773459da0fd30bb282fb0144b85717aa6coe660e81a0bad24a2f23e15 | Legitimate Windows debugger |
| x32bridge.dll | 0490ceace858ff7949b90ab4acf4867878815d2557089c179c9971b2dd0918b9 | Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ |
| akm.dat | 0e9071714a4af0be1f96cffc3b0e58520b827d9e58297cb0e02d97551eca3799 | Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ |
| x32bridge.dat | e72e49dc1d95efabc2c12c46df373173f2e20dab715caf58b1be9ca41aec0e172 | Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ.enc |
| DismCore.dll | b4f1cae6622cd459388294afb418cb0af7a5cb82f367933e57ab8c1fb0a8a8a7 | Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ |
| Groza_1.dat | 553ff37a1eb7e8dc226a83fa143d6aab8a305771bf0cec7b94f4202dcd1f55b2 | Trojan.Win32.KORPLUG.AJ.enc |
| IP address / URL | Description |
|---|---|
| 160[.]20[.]147[.]254 | C&C Server |