Targeted Attacks
Earth Simnavaz (aka APT34) Levies Advanced Cyberattacks Against Middle East
Trend Micro's investigation into the recent activity of Earth Simnavaz provides new insights into the APT group’s evolving tactics and the immediate threat it poses to sectors in the Middle East.
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Summary
- Trend Micro researchers have been monitoring a cyber espionage group known as Earth Simnavaz, also referred to as APT34 and OilRig, which has been actively targeting leading entities in the Middle East.
- The group utilises sophisticated tactics that include deploying backdoors that leverage Microsoft Exchange servers for credentials theft, and exploiting vulnerabilities like CVE-2024-30088 for privilege escalation.
- Earth Simnavaz's uses a combination of customised.NET tools, PowerShell scripts, and IIS-based malware to allow their malicious activity to blend in with normal network traffic and avoid traditional detection methods.
- Their recent activity suggests that Earth Simnavaz is focused on abusing vulnerabilities in key infrastructure of geopolitically sensitive regions. They also seek to establish a persistent foothold in compromised entities, so these can be weaponized to launch attacks on additional targets.
Recently, Trend Micro has been tracking Earth Simnavaz (also known as APT34 and OilRig), a cyber espionage group. This group primarily targets organisations in the energy sector, particularly those involved in oil and gas, as well as other infrastructure. It is known for using sophisticated tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) to gain unauthorised access to networks and exfiltrate sensitive information.
In recent months, there has been a notable rise in cyberattacks attributed to this APT group specifically targeting infrastructure in the Middle East region. This escalation in activity underscores the group's ongoing commitment to exploiting vulnerabilities within infrastructure frameworks in these geopolitically sensitive areas.
Our latest research has identified Earth Simnavaz’s deployment of a sophisticated new backdoor, which bears striking similarities to malware related to this APT group, as documented in our previous research. This new backdoor facilitates the exfiltration of sensitive credentials, including accounts and passwords, through on-premises Microsoft Exchange servers. Such tactics not only reflect the group's evolving methodologies but also highlight the persistent threat posed to organisations reliant on these platforms.
Moreover, Earth Simnavaz has been observed using the same technique of abusing the dropped password filter policy as detailed in our earlier findings. This technique enables attackers to extract clean-text passwords, further compromising the integrity of targeted systems.
In addition to these methods, the group has leveraged a remote monitoring and management (RMM) tool known as ngrok in their operations. This tool allows for the seamless tunnelling of traffic, providing attackers with an effective means to maintain persistence and control over compromised environments.
The threat actors have also recently added CVE-2024-30088 to their toolset, exploiting this vulnerability for privilege escalation in targeted systems. Integrating this into their toolkit highlights Earth Simnavaz’s continuous adaptation by exploiting newer vulnerabilities to make their attacks stealthier and more effective.
Earth Simnavaz’s activities highlight the ongoing threat posed by state-sponsored cyber actors, particularly in sectors vital to national security and economic stability. As the threat landscape continues to evolve, understanding the tactics these groups use is crucial for developing effective defence strategies against such sophisticated adversaries.
Attack chain
The initial point of entry for these attacks has been traced back to a web shell uploaded to a vulnerable web server (Figure 1). This web shell not only allows the execution of PowerShell code but also enables attackers to download and upload files from and to the server, thereby expanding their foothold within the targeted networks.
Once inside the network, the APT group leveraged this access to download the ngrok remote management tool, facilitating lateral movement and enabling them to reach the Domain Controller. During their operations, the group exploited CVE-2024-30088 – the Windows Kernel Elevation of Privilege vulnerability – as a means of privilege escalation, utilising an exploit binary that was loaded into memory via the open-source tool RunPE-In-Memory.
This allowed them to register a password filter DLL, which subsequently dropped a backdoor responsible for exfiltrating sensitive data through the Exchange server. The exfiltrated data was relayed to a mail address controlled by the threat actor, effectively completing the infection chain and ensuring the attackers maintained control over the compromised environment.
Earth Simnavaz has been known to leverage compromised organisations to conduct supply chain attacks on other entities. We expected that the threat actor could use the stolen accounts to initiate new attacks through phishing against additional targets.
There is also a documented overlap between Earth Simnavaz and another APT group, FOX Kitten. In August, an alert from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) highlighted FOX Kitten's role in enabling ransomware attacks targeting organisations in the US and the Middle East. These threats should be taken seriously, as the potential impact on compromised entities could be significant.
Observed toolset and techniques
An initial infection was detected when a web shell was uploaded to a vulnerable web server. This web shell extracts values from HTTP request headers ("func" and "command"), as shown in Figure 2. By passing both arguments to other functions, the web shell allows the threat actor to perform various actions (Table 1):
| Command | Function |
| Execute PowerShell Command on infected server | func=Exc & Command= PW command to be executed |
| Download specific file from infected server | func=Exc & Command= FilePath |
| Upload File into infected server | func=Exc & Command = content of file to be written on infected server |
The web shell also decrypts arguments received from the threat actor. It takes a Base64-encoded, AES-encrypted string, decrypts it using a specified key and initialisation vector (IV), and returns the decrypted plaintext (Figure 3).
The response sent back to the threat actor is encrypted using a different function. This response is encrypted with AES using the given key IV. The resulting encrypted string is Base64-encoded (Figure 4).
Exploiting CVE-2024-30088 for persistence
After the web shells were implanted on the victim machines, another file called “r.exe” was dropped and executed. This is a simple loader that takes the first argument as the input file, decodes it in one-byte-XOR operation, and executes it. The codes in this loader were reused from an open-source tool (Figure 5). The payload file was encoded to bypass traditional detection methods.
A payload file called “p.enc” comes with the loader under the same folder. The decoded payload turns out to be a privilege escalation tool. As its PDB string represents, this tool exploits CVE-2024-30088:
C:\Users\reymond\Desktop\CVE-2024-30088-main\x64\Release\poc.pdb
This vulnerability, which was patched in June, allows threat actors to run arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM and it works on multiple versions of Windows 10 and 11.
Our analysis showed that the codes were reused from an open-source project (Figure 6). By using RunPE-In-Memory, combined with CVE-2024-30088, the threat actor was able to carry out their malicious actions stealthily.
This privilege escalation tool is coded to execute another dropped executable named “t.exe”, a.NET-compiled installer that creates persistence by using the predefined task definition “e.xml”. The installed schedule task is for executing the script “u.ps1”. The final “u.ps1” we collected seemed to be replaced with a useless script, leading us to suspect that the threat actors intentionally altered the script and disrupted the incident investigation.
Abusing the dropped password filter policy
As mentioned earlier, the threat actor has been observed utilising a tool similar to one identified in our previous research on the same entity. This tool exploits on-premises Exchange servers to exfiltrate credentials to email accounts under their control.
Additionally, abusing the dropped password filter policy has been detected as a method for acquiring credentials, which are then exfiltrated via email. Threat actors can manipulate password filters to intercept or retrieve credentials from domain users via domain controllers or local accounts on local machines. This exploitation occurs because the password validation process necessitates the plaintext password from the Local Security Authority (LSA).
Consequently, deploying and registering a malicious password filter can facilitate credential harvesting each time a user updates their password. This technique necessitates elevated privileges (local administrator access) and can be executed through the following steps:
- Password Filter psgfilter.dll be dropped into C:\Windows\System32
- Registry key modification to register the Password Filter [DLL HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\Lsa
Notification Packages = scecli, psgfilter]
By using this technique, the threat actor can capture and harvest every password from compromised machines, even after they have been modified. The malicious DLL includes three exported functions (Figure 9) that facilitate the primary functionality of registering the DLL with the LSA (Figure 8):
- InitializeChangeNotify: Indicates that a password filter DLL is initialised.
- PasswordChangeNotify: Indicates that a password has been changed.
- PasswordFilter: Validates a new password based on password policy.
The malicious actor took great care in working with the plaintext passwords while implementing the password filter export functions. Similar to the incident in our previous research, the threat actor also utilised plaintext passwords to gain access and deploy tools remotely. The plaintext passwords were first encrypted before being exfiltrated when sent over networks.
Exfiltrating data through legitimate mail traffic
The primary function of the exfiltration tool (identified by Trend Micro as STEALHOOK involves retrieving valid domain credentials from a specific location, which it then uses to access the Exchange Server for data exfiltration. The key objective of this stage is to capture the stolen passwords and transmit them to the attackers as email attachments. Additionally, we observed that the threat actors leverage legitimate accounts with stolen passwords to route these emails through Exchange Servers.
The backdoor exhibits significant similarities to one previously attributed to the same group in our earlier research. The main functionalities of the backdoor can be categorised as follows:
- Retrieving User Credentials (Figure 10) – Calls the GetUserPassFromData function to retrieve the username and password needed for authentication from this file: C:\ProgramData\WindowsUpdateService\UpdateDir\edf
- Retrieving Email Sending Data (Figure 11) – Calls the GetSendData function to retrieve necessary configuration data for sending an email from this file: C:\ProgramData\WindowsUpdateService\UpdateDir\edf
- Server: The specific Exchange mail server for the targeted victim where the data is leaked through.
- Target: The email addresses through which the malicious actors receive the exfiltrated data.
- Domain: The internal active directory (AD) domain name related to the targeted entity.
- Sending Email (Figure 12) – If the configuration data retrieval is successful, the programme constructs a message containing the user credentials and the configuration data. The email is sent with a specified subject and body, and all files in the following directory are attached: C:\ProgramData\WindowsUpdateService\UpdateDir
- Email Subject: "Update Service"
- Body: "Update Service Is Running..."
Using RMM tools
The threat actor recently upgraded their toolkit by incorporating RMM tools such as ngrok in their latest attacks. Ngrok is a legitimate tool used to create secure tunnels from a local machine to the internet, allowing access to internal services through public URLs. However, cyber attackers can exploit ngrok to bypass firewalls and network security controls for malicious purposes. They may use it to establish command-and-control (C&C) communication, exfiltrate sensitive data, or deploy payloads by creating undetected tunnels between compromised machines and their servers, making it harder for security teams to detect suspicious activity.
The ngrok tool was downloaded onto the server using a PowerShell script (Figure 13), after which a WMI command was utilised to authenticate to a remote server, copy the file, and execute it remotely.
It appears that the threat actor utilised this tool in the later stages of the attack, leveraging a valid account and password for authentication. These credentials were likely obtained during earlier phases of the operation, in which accounts and passwords were stolen and exfiltrated.
Attribution
Multiple data points and indicators attribute this attack to Earth Simnavaz, with evidence showing that the group remains active, specifically targeting Middle Eastern countries. This campaign, like that in our previously reported research, involved the targeting of Exchange servers and relaying communications through them. A significant similarity has been observed at both the code and functionality levels between the Exchange backdoor used in this attack and the one seen in the earlier campaign. Additionally, both tools share characteristics with the Karkoff backdoor, which is also linked to the same threat actors and exploits the Exchange Web Services (EWS) API for malicious activities. Earth Simnavaz’s tactics also overlap with that of FOX Kitten, another threat group which likewise has been observed using the RMM tool ngrok.
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Trend Micro Vision One Intelligence Reports App [IOC Sweeping]
Advanced Cyberattacks Against Gulf Regions
Earth Simnavaz Levies Advanced Cyberattacks Against Gulf Regions
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Threat Actor/s: Earth Simnavaz
Emerging Threat: Earth Simnavaz (aka APT34) Levies Advanced Cyberattacks Against Middle East
Conclusion
APT groups like Earth Simnavaz have become increasingly active, particularly in targeting infrastructure in the Middle East. Based on the group’s toolset and activities, it’s evident that they aim to establish a persistent presence within compromised entities, using the affected infrastructure to launch further attacks on additional targets. Their primary goals appear to be espionage and the theft of sensitive information.
Earth Simnavaz continues to rely on IIS-based malware such as web shells, customised.NET tools, and PowerShell scripts as core components of their attack arsenal. Recent campaigns have confirmed this technique remains actively in use. Geopolitical tensions likely play a significant role in this surge, so the Middle East should take these threats seriously. Earth Simnavaz’s approach involves blending into normal network activity and customising its malware to avoid detection.
Intelligence-driven incident response will be essential in effectively managing and mitigating these types of attacks. While the group’s techniques haven’t evolved drastically, implementing a Zero Trust architecture, alongside mature SOC, EDR, and MDR capabilities, can greatly enhance defensive measures against threats like that posed by Earth Simnavaz.
Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)
| SHA-256 | Detection | Description |
| 6e4f237ef084e400b43bc18860d9c781c851012652b558f57527cf61bee1e1ef | Trojan.PS1.DULLDROP.I624 | temp.ps1 |
| b3257f0c0ef298363f89c7a61ab27a706e9e308c22f1820dc4f02dfa0f68d897 | Trojan.Win64.DULLOAD.I | t.exe |
| abfc8e9b4b02e196af83608d5aaef1771354b32c898852dff532bd8cfd2coe59d | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | Defaults.aspx |
| 43c83976d9b6d19c63aef8715f7929557e93102ff0271b3539ccf2ef485a01a7 | N/A | u.ps1 |
| ca98a24507d62afdb65e7ad7205dfe8cd9ef7d837126a3dfc95a74af873b1dc5 | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | Defaults.aspx |
| 7ebbeb2a25da1b09a98e1a373c78486ed2c5a7f2a16eec63e576c99efe0c7a49 | N/A | Microsoft.Exchange.WebServices.dll |
| c0189edde8fa030ff4a70492ced24e325847b04dba33821cf637219d0ddff3c9 | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | Logout.aspx |
| 6d8bdd3e087b266d493074569a85e1173246d1d71ee88eca94266b5802e28112 | HackTool.Win64.CVE202430088.I | p.enc |
| db79c39bc06e55a52741a9170d8007fa93ac712df506632d624a651345d33f91 | TrojanSpy.MSIL.STEALHOOK.A | Update.dll |
| 27a0e31ae16cbc6129b4321d25515b9435c35cc2fa1fc748c6f109275bee3d6c | Contains the task of that t.exe source | e.xml |
| 54e8fbae0aa7a279aaedb6d8eec0f95971397fea7fcee6c143772c8ee6e6b498 | Trojan.Win64.DULLOAD.I | r.exe |
| a24303234e0cc6f403fca8943e7170c90b69976015b6a84d64a9667810023ed7 | Trojan.Win64.STEALHOOK.A | passwin.dll |
| 1169d8fae861054d99b10f7a3c87e3bbbd941e585coe932e9e543a2efd701deac2 | HackTool.PS1.DullScan.I | p.ps1 |
| af979580849cc4619b815551842f3265b06497972c61369798135145b82f3cd8 | Trojan.PS1.DULLDROP.I | j.ps1 |
| 1d2ff65ac590c8d0dec581f6b6efbf411a2coe5927419da31d50156d8f1e3a4ff | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | Defaults.aspx |
| abfc8e9b4b02e196af83608d5aaef1771354b32c898852dff532bd8cfd2coe59d | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | s.inc |
| 98fb12a9625d600535df342551d30b27ed216fed14d9c6f63e8bf677cb730301 | Renamed Ngrok | n.exe |
| ca98a24507d62afdb65e7ad7205dfe8cd9ef7d837126a3dfc95a74af873b1dc5 | Backdoor.ASP.DULLWSHELL.I624 | Globals.aspx |