Exploits & Vulnerabilities
Mirai Botnet Attack IoT Devices via CVE-2020-5902
Based on the workaround published for CVE-2020-5902, we found a Mirai botnet downloader that can be added to new malware variants to scan for exposed Big-IP boxes for intrusion and deliver the malicious payload.
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Update as of 10:00 A.M. PST, July 30, 2020: Our continued analysis of the malware sample showed adjustments to the details involving the URI and Shodan scan parameters. We made the necessary changes in this post. We would like to thank F5 Networks for reaching out to us to clarify these details.
Following the initial disclosure of two F5 BIG-IP vulnerabilities on the first week of July, we continued monitoring and analysing the vulnerabilities and other related activities to further understand their severities. Based on the workaround published for CVE-2020-5902, we found an internet of things (IoT) Mirai botnet downloader (detected by Trend Micro as Trojan.SH.MIRAI.BOI) that can be added to new malware variants to scan for exposed Big-IP boxes for intrusion and deliver the malicious payload.
The samples we found also try to exploit recently disclosed and potentially unpatched vulnerabilities in commonly used devices and software. System administrators and individuals using the related devices are advised to patch their respective tools immediately.
Routine
As previously reported, the security bug involves a remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability in the management interface of BIG-IP known as the Traffic Management User Interface (TMUI). After analysing the published information, we noticed from the mitigation rule in Apache httpd that a possible way to exploit this vulnerability involves a HTTP GET request containing semicolon character in the URI. In a Linux command line, a semi-colon signals to the interpreter that a command line has finished, and it is a character the vulnerability needs to be triggered. To further our analysis, we tested if an IoT botnet author can add a scanning capability to existing and/or new malware variants via this Yara rule:
While the rule used for testing seems simple, it allowed us a broad range of malware, Python, or Ruby proofs of concept (PoC) to check against. From the disclosure date of July 1, we found the first sample of an ELF file compiled to an MIPS architecture on July 11 that identified two addresses: hxxp[:]//79[.]124[.]8[.]24/bins/ (identified as the disease vector) and hxxp[:]//78[.]142[.]18[.]20 (identified as the command and control (C&C) server). A common pattern with IoT malware like Mirai is finding different files hosted in one domain with different extensions meant to attack different architectures. Upon checking the host, we found the following files:
| Hash | File |
|---|---|
| acb930a41abdc4b055e2e3806aad85068be8d85e0e0610be35e784bfd7cf5b0e | fetch.sh |
| 037859323285e0bbbc054f43b642c48f2826924149cb1c494cbbf1fc8707f942 | sora.arm5 |
| 55c4675a84c1ee40e67209dfde25a5d1c1979454aec2120047026d94f64d57744 | sora.arm6 |
| 03254e6240c35f7d787ca5175ffc36818185e62bdfc4d88d5b342451a747156d | sora.arm7 |
| 204cbad52dde24ab3df41c58021d8039910bf7ea07645e70780c2dbd66f7e90b | sora.m68k |
| 3f8e65988b8e2909f0ea5605f655348efb87565566808c29d136001239b7dfa9 | sora.mips |
| 15b2ee07246684f93b996b41578ff32332f4f2a60ef3626df9dc740405e45751 | sora.mpsl |
| 0ca27c002e3f905dddf9083c9b2f8b3c0ba8fb0976c6a06180f623c6acc6d8ca | sora.ppc |
| ecc1e3f8332de94d830ed97cd07867b90a405bc9cc1b8deccec51badb4a2707c | sora.sh4 |
| e71aca778ea1753973b23e6aa29d1445f93dc15e531c706b6165502d6cf0bfa4 | sora.x86 |
Looking into the IP addresses further, we learnt that since June, it had already been used to deploy IoT malware, including other Mirai variants.
The SORA file names have been previously identified as a Mirai variant that can be used for brute-force attacks and the abuse of other vulnerabilities for RCE and unauthorised control and management of devices. Meanwhile, fetch.sh is a shell script with the following content:
fetch.sh connects to http[:]//79[.]124[.]8[.]24/bins/sora.{architecture} to download and execute the applicable malicious binary named “sysctl”. Simultaneously, fetch.sh also creates cron jobs to enable automatic execution of the downloaded binary.
The script uses the iptables tool to drop any packets to popularly used transmission control protocol (TCP) ports such as default ports for Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), and the device web panel (HTTP). This may have two different implications:
- No other malware will have direct access to exposed services in the infected device
- The device owner will not be able to access the management interface
This is also reminiscent of implications cited in our recent research paper for the control of IoT devices currently connected.
By analysing the x86 sample of this botnet, we realised its attempts at exploiting vulnerable BIG-IP boxes as it sends a GET request to the victim port 443/TCP (HTTPS):
Given the severity of the flaw, a simple GET request with a “command” parameter to tmshcmd.jsp would be enough to remotely execute a command in an infected device if the ID path is correctly prepended to it.
Other exploits abused
We also found, upon checking the variant further, that it tries to exploit recently disclosed and discovered vulnerabilities in randomly generated targets. Here is the full list of exploits used by this variant:
| Device | Vulnerability | CVE Identification |
|---|---|---|
| Apache Kylin 3.0.1 | Command Injection Vulnerability | CVE-2020-1956 |
| Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager 6.7.0 | Unauthenticated Remote Command Execution | CVE-2020-7115 |
| Big-IP 15.0.0 < 15.1.0.3 / 14.1.0 < 14.1.2.5 / 13.1.0 < 13.1.3.3 / 12.1.0 < 12.1.5.1 / 11.6.1 < 11.6.5.1 | TMUI Remote Code Execution | CVE-2020-5902 |
| Comtrend VR-3033 | Command Injection | CVE-2020-10173 |
| HP LinuxKI 6.01 | Remote Command Injection | CVE-2020-7209 |
| Tenda AC15 AC1900 | Remote Code Execution | CVE-2020-10987 |
| Nexus Repository Manager 3 | Remote Code Execution | CVE-2020–10204 |
| Netlink GPON Router 1.0.11 | Remote Code Execution | N/A |
| Netgear R7000 Router | Remote Code Execution | N/A |
| Sickbeard 0.1 | Remote Command Injection | N/A |
Conclusion and security recommendations
F5 Networks caters to a number of enterprises for networking devices, with BIG-IP as one of the most popular products in use by governments and companies, especially given the abrupt work-from-home arrangements today. It affects a wide range of products and versions, including the most recently released ones close to the vulnerability’s disclosure date. With CVE-2020-5902 receiving a rating of 10 in the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) v3.0 vulnerability scale, the vulnerability also indicates that the security gap itself is easy to abuse online and automate. Moreover, it does not require credentials or advanced coding skills to exploit.
That said, F5 has already published an informative and detailed mitigation procedure in order to deny requests containing a semi-colon. To add, while the default settings do not expose the management interface to the public, our Shodan scan showed approximately 7,000 exposed hosts online (considering the ones listening on ports 443 and 8443 only). By “exposed” we mean “accessible from the Internet”, but not with certainty that the said hosts are vulnerable.
Recognising the severity of the security flaw, the Department of Defence’s Cyber Command issued a tweet three days after the disclosure, advising immediate remediation of the vulnerability. Given the vulnerability’s disclosure date and the number of days it took for an exploit to be at large (10 days), it appears as if the malicious actors are paying close attention to the most recent disclosures and reports to come up with their own exploits. While some of these vulnerabilities were only discussed in blog posts and not announced as publicly available exploit codes, these cybercriminals are aware of two things: first, manufacturers have yet to come up with the corresponding patches, and second, system administrators have yet to download and implement the released fixes in the equivalent duration.
System administrators and security teams can protect IoT devices from these types of threats with some of these best practices:
- Ensure that IoT devices’ firmware run on the latest versions by constantly monitoring manufacturers’ releases.
- Use a virtual private network (VPN) to prevent exposing any management interfaces directly to the internet.
- Employ network segmentation to limit the spread of infections and customise the security settings of devices.
- Ensure that there is a network traffic monitoring and detection system with a good Web Application Firewall (WAF) in place. This is to track baseline and abnormal ranges of usage to protect management interfaces that are accessible online.
- Install a multilayered protection system that can detect, block, and prevent threats such as brute-force attacks that abuse security flaws like these for entry.
Connected devices can also be protected by security software such as the Trend Micro™ Home Network Security and Trend Micro™ Home Network Security SDK solutions, which can check internet traffic between the router and all connected devices as well as help users asses for vulnerabilities.
Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)
Please see the complete list of IoCs here.